TYPES OF POULTRY VACCINES
Types of poultry Vaccines against different diseases are to give protection against a number of viral or bacterial diseases. Many infectious diseases are ubiquitous worldwide and airborne pathogens are difficult to control even with very good biosecurity measures. For the poultry industry, the main practical method of controlling infectious diseases is vaccination. There are mainly two types of poultry vaccines are available in the market.
More importantly, Newcastle disease always associated with intestinal coccidiosis in broiler and pullet layer hen. therefore, before applying vaccine dosing of coccidial drugs running at least two days.
See also- Top 3 drugs for coccidiosis in poultry
Killed or inactivated the vaccine
Killed poultry vaccines consist of a high dose of inactivated antigens combined with an oil emulsion or aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. They must be injected in each individual bird It often antigens of two or more different disease organisms are included in one vaccine (multivalent vaccine).
They give high and prolonged levels of immunity, especially when used after ‘priming’ with live vaccines.
Handbook of Poultry diseases
General characteristics of killed or inactivated vaccine
- Generally slower onset of immunity
- There is no microbe replication; therefore, no tissue reaction outside that which is adjuvant dependent.
- Combinations are less likely to interfere.
- Generally slower onset of immunity
- A large amount of antigen. No multiplication after administration.
- Almost always injected to the birds
- Adjuvanting killed vaccines is frequently necessary
- More capable of eliciting an immune response in the face of an existing antibody.
- In the immune bird, additional immune response frequently is seen.
- Local immunity may be re-stimulated if used as a booster but poor if not a secondary response
- Little danger of vaccine contamination
Common Killed or Inactivated vaccines
Avian Influenza Inactivated vaccines
Marek’s Killed vaccines
Mycoplasma gallisepticum inactivated the vaccine
Fowl Cholera
Live vaccine
The live vaccine usually contains only one antigen and may be administered by spray (aerosol), via drinking water, eyedrop or by injection (optional). The antigen may either be the disease organism, which has been deliberately attenuated, i.e. made less virulent by some suitable means.
General characteristics of Live vaccine
- The live vaccine induces the rapid onset of immunity
- Tissue reaction commonly referred to as a “vaccine reaction” is possible and frequently visible in a variety of tissues.
- The live poultry vaccine contains a smaller quantity of antigen. Vaccination response relies on multiplication within the bird.
- It Can be mass administered—drinking water, spray.
- There is no need to add any Adjuvant in poultry live vaccines.
- Susceptible to existing antibody present in the bird.
- In immune bird, a booster vaccination is ineffective
- Local immunity stimulated (i.e., trachea or gut).
- The danger of vaccine contamination (e.g., egg drop syndrome, reticuloendotheliosis virus).
- Relatively limited combinations—due to interference of multiple microbes given at the same time (e.g., infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease virus, and laryngotracheitis).
- Live vaccines may stimulate the production of local or mucosal immunity as well as general (systemic) immunity
Common Live vaccines
Newcastle disease live vaccine
Infectious Bursal disease
Infectious bronchitis disease
Salmonella live vaccine
A smaller amount of antigen is required in live vaccines because the organism will multiply rapidly in the target organ(s). for instance, Respiratory tract for viruses-RT and IB, the intestine -AE, the bursa of Fabricius- IBD
Handbook of Poultry Diseases
Common Poultry vaccine Risk
Although Multiplication of the vaccine organism in vaccinated birds is important and excretion may be helpful in producing a good flock immunity by the bird to bird transmission.
The spread of Poultry Diseases
Cycling of vaccine virus is advantageous in achieving good flock immunity to IBD, ND, and IB. However, cycling is undesirable with TRT or ILT. Lateral spread of vaccine virus can be very undesirable on multiage sites. some poultry diseases are spread and take shed into the poultry farm are following
Avian Encephalopathy (AE) And Infectious Bronchitis (IB)
For example, if AE or IB H52 strain spread into older, unvaccinated groups of birds inlay, the vaccine itself may then cause production problems.
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination
birds show a reaction after the administration of the live vaccines, for example, mild coughing or ‘snicking’ after NDV vaccination, indicating that the vaccine has ‘taken’. Unless concurrent bacterial or mycoplasma challenge is present this mild reaction disappears in a few day’s time and is not a cause for concern.
Ramzan, DVM,
Poultry Veterinarian
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References
- Avian medicine and surgery in practice companion and aviary birds-Doneley Bob – CRC Press LLC 2016
- Diseases of poultry 12th Edition
- Essentials of Avian Medicine and Surgery-Brian Coles – Wiley-Blackwell 2007
- Handbook of Foodborne Diseases Dongyou Liu-CRC Press 2019
- Handbook on Poultry Diseases 2nd Edition
- Poultry Diseases 6th Edition




